106国道沿线样带区农村空心化土地整治潜力研究

基于典型调查资料和社会经济统计数据,在构建农村空心化评价指标体系并定量评判106国道沿线样带区县域农村空心化程度的基础上,结合自然条件和土地资源特点、农村居民点用地的有关法律规定,采用专家集成法选取与现实潜力转化有关的自然、社会、经济等10个指标建立综合指标体系,对空心村整治的自然适宜性、社会接受性、经济可行性进行了综合评价;将计算得到的农村空心化指数与现实转化潜力系数作为综合修正系数,对理论潜力进行修正,结合农村居民点整治潜力测算公式,测算出106国道沿线样带区不同农村空心化演进类型的现状潜力和远景潜力。研究表明:106国道沿线样带区县域农村空心化指数为0.18~0.82,现实转化潜力系数为0.07~0.32; 2009、2020年农村居民点整治的现实潜力分别为93 219.4、145 430.0 hm²,村庄整治增地率分别为6.8%、11.4%。研究将为空心村整治和新农村建设规划决策提供科学依据。     

中国老工业城市的发展状态评价及衰退机制

近150 a以来,中国工业建设培育、塑造了大量的工业基地或工业城市,但在改革开放后的市场经济过程中,呈现出不同的发展态势,部分老工业城市明显衰退并逐步成为问题区域。论文在界定老工业城市概念的基础上,设计了由核心指标和辅助指标组成的评价体系,采用1985年数据,对我国老工业城市进行识别和筛选,认为全国共有100个老工业城市,分析了其空间格局和基本特征。然后,以1985—1986年和2008—2009年为时间点,根据工业产值和GDP比重两个指标,通过两维象限方法对我国老工业城市的工业地位和城市发展效益变化进行了对比研究,对其发展状态进行评价和分析,将其分为4类城市,认为我国有46个衰退滞后型老工业城市。然后,从发展路径、重大项目、产业结构、企业和体制等角度,深入揭示了衰退滞后型老工业城市的发展机制。     

国际标准产业分类体系的农、林、牧、渔业分类演化及启示

国际标准产业分类体系是目前国际上最有影响和权威的产业分类体系。深入了解国际标准产业分类体系中农、林、牧、渔业分类演化,对正确收集、处理和测算我国农、林、牧、渔业的指标以及国际间数据比较至关重要。论文首先详细地剖析国际标准产业分类体系的农、林、牧、渔业的分类演化,然后依据国际标准产业分类体系的最新变化,结合我国农、林、牧、渔业现状,为我国国民经济行业分类中农、林、牧、渔业的修改和调整提供建议。     

工业废水重金属排放区域及行业分布格局

掌握工业废水重金属污染区域及行业分布格局, 是有针对性开展全国性重金属污染防控的必要前提. GIS空间分析表明, 2003-2010年间, 工业废水重金属Hg、Cd、Pb、As排放主要集中在以湖南为核心、包括江西、云南、广西在内的南方四省区, 和北方甘肃、陕西两省, 而广东、福建、浙江、江苏等东部沿海省区Cr6+排放所占比重较大; 在行业分布格局方面, 南方和北方省区的重金属污染主要与当地有色金属、黑色金属矿采选、冶炼和加工行业密切相关, 而东部沿海地区则更多与当地电子、电器、运输设备制造业、化工、金属制品、纺织、皮革制品等行业密切相关.各地区、不同行业、不同类别重金属排放特征及减排成效存在较大差异, 反映了工业废水重金属防控亟需多学科研究技术支撑.     

1992—2008年我国工业废水排放变化效应

工业废水排放使我国水环境受到严重威胁,为剖析工业废水排放变化驱动机制,应用LMDI(对数平均迪氏指数)法将其分解为规模、结构和技术3种效应. 结果表明:1992—2008年我国工业废水排放整体上呈先降后升的二次抛物线趋势. 其中,1992—2002年工业废水减排498583×104t,由工业规模效应、结构效应和技术效应产生的贡献值分别为1829988×104、206807×104和-2535378×104t;2002—2008年工业废水排放增加了333826×104t,相应地,3种效应的贡献值分别为1470045×104、-66094×104、-1070126×104t. 规模效应是造成工业废水排放增加的主要原因,技术效应是工业废水排放减少的关键因素,结构效应多表现为绝对值较小的负值,表明工业经济结构调整倾向于减小污染但贡献不大. 规模效应的主要影响行业是化工原料及化学制品制造业,造纸及纸制品业和食品、烟草及饮料制造业,为减少这些部门的废水排放,可通过政策减缓经济规模的扩张趋势;结构效应的主要影响行业是电气、煤气及水的生产供应业,黑色金属冶炼及延压业和非金属矿物制造业,可通过鼓励重组促使产业结构升级,达到减排工业废水的目标;技术效应的主要影响行业是皮革、毛皮、羽绒及其制品业,为实现工业废水减排,应加大技术投入、提高生产水平.      

Accounting for Cadmium: Tracking Emissions of Cadmium From the Global Economy

This paper examines the flow of cadmium through the global economy, with the aim of quantifying emissions of cadmium into the environment as a result of anthropogenic activities. First, a materials balance methodology is presented as the most appropriate means of assessing cadmium emissions from a wide range of anthropogenic sources. This is then applied to the best available data, from a variety of sources, to arrive at estimated flows of cadmium. Results are presented for 10 geo-political world regions and for a range of economic activities including non-ferrous metals production, iron and steel production, combustion of fossil fuels, fertilizer manufacture and use, cement production and the manufacture, use and disposal of cadmium containing products. Initially, this analysis partitions the total flow of cadmium into three major categories: atmospheric emissions, water-borne effluents and solid or bulked waste arisings. the paper then suggests a probable further partition of the initial emissions into different environmental media.     

Uptake and transformation of perchlorate by vascular plants

Phytoremediation is a promising new method that uses green plants to cleanse soil and water contaminated with organic or inorganic pollutants. In this study, the uptake and transformation of sodium perchlorate (NaClO₄) using four vascular plant species were examined in batch experiments. The species include two trees, cabbage gum (Eucalyptus amplifolia) and eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides), a herbaceous wetland plant, perennial glasswort (Salicornia virginica), and a herbaceous aquatic plant, waterweed (Elodea canadensis). Perchlorate was depleted from solution in the presence of all but one species (waterweed). Depletion was calculated as a first‐order kinetics reaction with k values in the range of 0–0.013 per day and accumulation of perchlorate was between 3.2 and 3138 mg/kg. Perchlorate and transformation metabolites (chlorate, chlorite, chloride) were observed in all plant tissues (e.g., roots, stems, leaves) analyzed. Results suggest that significant influences on perchlorate uptake include: (1) plant species present, (2) concentration of perchlorate, (3) sand versus hydroponic treatments, (4) the presence or absence of plant nutrients or competing ions, (5) stage of plant maturity.     

Exponential Collapse of Benthic Depurative Capacity in A Eutrophic Tropical Marine Ecosystem: A Threshold Response to Organic Nitrogen Loading

Microbial decomposition of particulate organic matter in sediments can substantially modulate eutrophication of nearshore marine environments. Flux budgets for nitrogen compounds and quantification of rates of microbial transformation can provide important information on the process of eutrophication. This survey documents sediment nitrogen budgets for a eutrophic nearshore marine environment at La Parguera on southwest coast of Puerto Rico, including consideration of the organic fraction in addition to microbial transformations.

Sediments of the inshore channel at La Parguera denote the input of heavy organic loads with low redox potentials and high ammonium contents. Benthic fluxes of dissolved organic nitrogen are below those recorded for ammonium. These observations suggest that nearshore tropical sediments subject to heavy nitrogen loads act as a sink for organic nitrogen and that ammonification is a key process in the release of nitrogen from sediments to the water column. Nitrification and denitrification rates are low overall and inversely related to the redox potential. Depuration of excess nitrogen through denitrification is ineffective in these sediments. in contrast to more robust temperate environments, our work demonstrates that tropical marine systems are particularly susceptible to eutrophication given their limited capacity for depuration of excess nitrogen.     

Serial variations of trace metal concentrations in aquatic insect Stenopsyche marmorata

Caddisfly larvae (Stenopsyche marmorata) instar V, periphyton, sediment and river water at a non‐contaminated upstream site, a metallic contaminated downstream site, and industrial wasterwater which caused the metallic contamination were collected once a month for 21 months. Nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb) concentrations in these samples were measured. Significant serial variations of the 4 metal concentrations in the larvae showed a seasonal tendency at the upstream site but not at the downstream site. The larvae more clearly indicated the influence of industrial wastewater than periphyton. As the larvae of Stenopsyche marmorata could be collected throughout the year, this larva is useful for monitoring trace metal contamination in rivers.     

Energy transformations in two tropical Oxbow lakes

The flow and pattern of energy utilization in two tropical ecosystems where polyculture of fishes was practiced were studied. The rates of organic production made by the two tropical natural aquatic systems (oxbow lakes) were studied for two annual cycles. The study of utilization of energy in two tropical lakes revealed that herbivores were more efficient in energy utilization than autotrophs. The energy available in these systems was supplied by allochthonous source. Silver carp and grass carp were found to be most efficient in conversion of energy in the grazing food chain of the lake. The efficiency of the system to fish production was found to be 0.06 (OL-I) ?0.05% (OL-II) of the total available solar radiation. Various forms of life are all accompanied by energy changes, in the studied lakes were found to form a food web.